over retting in jute
Google Scholar. Incomplete submergence produces croppy fiber of extremely low value. ... hemp, jute, kenaf, etc. In our study, a mixed bacterial retting culture, developed in our institute, was inoculated during ribbon retting of jute. Present address: Crop Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibre, ICAR, Barackpore, India. Jour. So, ribbon retting is a great promise to produce high quality jute fibre in one hand and a more eco-friendly measure on the other. Jute is one of the important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage. After the jute stalk has been retted, it is possible to separate the long, silky fibers and comb them into long strings. Article By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. 2. This process removes the non-fibrous material from the stem and the skin of the jute plant. A short review of biochemical studies of jute retting. Ribbon retting reduces time of normal retting … The two retting types are ribbon retting and stem retting. Runners: This is a defect where a long and hard barky ribbon of fibres remains in … Pectic enzyme ofPenicillium frequentons involved in the retting of jute. It also comes from the stem. This also reduces environmental pollution to a great extent. In conventional retting, a huge biomass undergoes decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution. CAS Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. Microbia1: 34–43. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. M. Jalaluddin. India earns annually about 1200 crore rupees as a foreign exchange by exporting various jute products. Both over retting and under retting which are very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. After this retting process is over, the non-fibrous matter of jute is scraped off in a process called "stripping", and then the fibers are separated by beating the stem with a paddle. 1965. Here Is A List Of Some Enzymes That Helps In Retting Of Hemp. Ind. Traditional retting of jute takes 15 to 20 days and requires large quantity of water which should be preferably slow-flowing water. They appear as wedge-shaped bundles of cells intermingled with parenchyma cells and other soft tissue. Infinita Biotech. Eventually, the Bangladeshi government set up the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation. The traditional method is to ret the jute stems for about 15–18 days and extract the fibre manually after retting. Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00097-3. Usually mature stems of harvested jute plants are allowed to ret in pond or ditch water. • The strength of fibre is very poor. Jute is long, soft and shiny, with a length of 1 to 4 m and a diameter of from 17 to 20 microns. Isolation of micro-organisms from jute retting pit, their characterization, and their action on jute stem. Both over retting and under retting which are very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. 1965. Over retting causes degradation of fibre cellulose while under retting causes incomplete removal of gummy materials viz., pectic substances. Jour. Jalaluddin, M. 1965. appl. Microbiological studies of some sub-Antarctic soils. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860592, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Hemp Retting Is A Process In Which Retting Of Fibre Is Done. Retting time must be carefully judged; under-retting makes separation difficult, and over-retting weakens the fibre. Land – Jute can grow in wide range of soil but fertile loamy alluvial soil is better suitable.. Most of the defects in fiber are … Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. China also has a dominating place in jute cultivation. Retting of jute in pond water increased the water As content by 0.2 to 2.0 mg L − 1. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria. It is used in the production of fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks. Bunt, J. S. & A. D. Rovira. During the storage of fish, dynamic primary changes are taking place in numerous parts of the fish, including the eyes, skin, gills and muscle characteristics of the fish. See more. ... Agro-metrology and Retting. The stalks, over 3 meters in height, are gathered by hand and softened in water. This fertile geographic region is shared by both Bangladesh and India (mainly West Bengal). The fibres can be extracted by either biological or chemical retting … different types of retting processes used for bast plants such as hemp, jute, flax, and kenaf, with an emphasis on kenaf. Cult.9: 451. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Econ. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. 1948.Laboratory manual on fundamental principles of bacteriology. Part of Springer Nature. plant retting of jute and mesta has certain demerits. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. The jute fibres contain knots in places and it is caused by insect bite or punctures. 1 Present address: Department of Botany and Plant Pa-thology, NMichigan State University, East Lansing, Mlichigan. Sci.5: 11–17. Bact.26(2): 117–126. Microbiological assessment in this study reveals the total bacterial population of … Ahmad, M. 1963. The optimum temperature is around 34°C. This process is faster than the traditional methods of retting and is already taking over the fibre-extraction industry and has been a go-to option for textile producers. • Harvested jute bundles are arranged radially up to three layers keeping base of the plants towards periphery of the pond. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. In conventional retting, a huge biomass undergoes decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution. • Under ground water was then added to the retting tank and the jute Private communication. Bacteria capable of retting jute are present in pond water, in the soil of jute fields, and on the surface of jute plants. Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fibre bundles, and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem. Salle, A. J. Google Scholar. Whole plant retting of jute and mesta with microbial consortium under controlled conditions reduced the retting duration by 7 days for jute, with improved fibre quality i.e. Aerobic bacteria involved in the retting of jute. Abstract BBS.2008. The increment was 1.1 to 4 times higher over the WHO safe limit (0.05 mg L − 1) for India and Bangladesh. Acceleration of jute retting byBacillus cereus, certain chemicals and straw-water ratios. Retting is a preferential rotting process to separate the fibre from woody stem without damaging the fibre cellulose. Jute—an important cash crop of eastern India is traditionally grown for extraction of fibre by a natural microbial process known as retting. 1944. Basic methods include dew retting and water retting. Almost 85% of the world's jute cultivation is concentrated in the Ganges Delta.. very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. The existing Order under Jute Packaging Materials (JPM) Act, 1987 dated 20 th December, 2019 stipulates that 100% of Foodgrains and 20% sugar are required to be packed compulsorily in jute bags. Retting time must be carefully judged; under-retting makes separation difficult, and over-retting weakens the fibre. Microbiol.6(2): 87–89. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Jute, a long, soft plant fiber that is spun into coarse, strong threads, is obtained from the plants Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis. The processing of jute varieties such as Corchorus capsularis - white jute (Sada paat) and Hibiscus cannabinus (Mesta paat) are mainly used for jute cultivation in West Bengal nowadays.After harvesting the jute plants, jute fibres are extracted by retting. Studies on jute retting bacteria. In ribbon retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret under water. • Conventional retting practice emits a little bit more nutrients, biogas and residues to the air and water compared to ribbon retting. But use of efficient pectinolytic microbial inoculum improves quality of fibre, further reduce the time of retting and the environmental pollution. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Ribbon retting of jute—a prospective and eco-friendly method for improvement of fibre quality. Harvesting & Retting = Jute crop can be harvested between 100 – 120 days. Retting softens the stalks and makes it possible to separate the fibrous material from the unusable material by hand. Retting by hiparol and its commercial application. Subscription will auto renew annually. Bangladesh is the second major producer of jute globally, producing 1,523,315 metric tons of jute in 2011. Gently flowing, fairly deep, clear and soft water is ideal for retting. Biochemical investigations on jute retting. Insitu Jute Retting contd. After the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, most of the Pakistani owned jute mills were taken over by the government of Bangladesh. Over-retting was suspected for enzyme retting process with EDTA since relatively poorer bonding between the matrix and the fibre was observed. Jute Fiber comes from the outer skin of the jute plant called the ribbon. Retting microbes consume the non-fibrous cementing materials mainly pectin and hemicellulose. London: McGraw-Hill. [1] It is used in the production of fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks. Ali, M. M. & M. A. Islam. • Microbial consortium with a cfu (108 to 1010) was then applied to the jute bundles in the pond. The most widely practiced method of retting, water retting, is performed by submerging bundles of stalks in water. Nicknamed the golden fiber, jute fiber deteriorates rapidly and because of uneven diameters and comparatively low cellulose concentrations, jute is relatively weak. • Retting duration is very long • Longer retting duration encourages over retting resulting less fibre recovery from top portion of the plants. Bot.19(4): 384–393. 1955. 1968. • Total methane generation from jute production is estimated to be 18.8x1010 g/year. 1. This investigation was carried over to detect aerobic jute retting bacteria. 3. Next, the plant is put through what is called retting. Excellent fibre separation with ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMPA) has been reported [ 166 ]. Google Scholar. The mature jute plant is normally harvested by hand. Chaudhury, S. D. 1953. Most of the defects arising from conventional retting could be overcome by ribbon retting. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Jour. Eventually, the Bangladeshi government set up the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation. The process of retting consists of bundling stems of the jute and immersing these in water that is slowly running. Moreover, requirement of water for ribbon retting is almost half in comparison to conventional whole plant retting under normal condition. • The fibre is black in colour with poor lusture. Economic Botany - 185.32.189.129. In ribbon retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret under water. 4. Then comes the defoliation stage where the leaves are removed. Econ Bot 24, 137–141 (1970). This Order is valid upto 30 th September, 2020. Ponds in villages are not allowed for jute retting in general as the water turns dark and foul-smelling making it unfit for domestic use and pisciculture, breeds mosquitoes and creates environmental problem. The fibers are extracted first by retting. A process called retting is used to remove the non-fibrous material from the stem and skin of the jute stalk. Jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose (major component of plant fibre) and lignin (major components of wood fibre). CAS Jalaluddin, M. Further observations on the bacteriology of jute retting. After harvesting the jute bundles are kept in the field for 2 -3 days to allow leaf shedding. Dead fibres: Due to over retting in moist condition, the fibre becomes dull, lose strength and becomes inferior for spinning. PubMed The jute fibers are located beneath the bark, primarily concentrated near the woody, central … Appl. The jute plant, a native of the Indian subcontinent, is a herbaceous annual growing to a height of around 10 to 12 feet with a central cylindrical stem, and 4- to 6-inch long light green leaves and yellow flowers. Correspondence to MATERIALS ANDMETHODS For the detection of the rettinig ability of such bac-teria, sterile jute-stem-tubes were prepared by intro- Moreover, the fibre filaments were stronger, improved coloured and finer textured compared to conventional stem retted jute fibres. Baruah, P. K. & H. K. Baruah. Ali, M. M. & A. Rahman. Jour, agric. volume 24, pages137–141(1970)Cite this article. Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan, You can also search for this author in Climate – Relative humidity between 40-90% and temperature between 17° C and 41°C, along with well distributed rainfall over 1200 mm is ideal for cultivation and growth of jute.. Ditches, tanks and pools are also used for retting. Pakist. Retting: For fibre extraction, the jute stems are retted in water for 3-4 days, after harvesting and defoliation of plants in the fields. Then the fiber is stripped away from the bark by hand (retting) and woven into usable product. Ret definition, to soak in water or expose to moisture, as flax or hemp, to facilitate the removal of the fiber from the woody tissue by partial rotting. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Jute is an eco-friendly and bio-degradable natural product with no adverse effect on the environment. Amongst the bast fibre crops, kenaf apparently has some advantages such as lower cost of production, higher fibre yields, and greater flexibility as an agricultural resource, over … Ribbon retting reduces time of normal retting by 4–5 days. Microbia1: 65–70. Climate = Relative humidity between 40-90% and temperature between 17° C and 41°C, along with well distributed rainfall over 1200 mm is ideal for cultivation and growth of jute. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria. Jute fiber develops in the phloem or bast region of the stem of the plants; in transverse sections of the stem. Studies in jute retting aerobic bacteria. For natural retting, still the most appropriate process in East Pakistan, large clean ponds are thought to provide the most suitable conditions. CAS Moreover, 2.5 lakh people are employed in the organized jute industry, and over 25 lakhs people are engaged in jute based ancillary and jute diversified sectors. The ribbon retted jute fibres are absolutely free from bark and were of higher grade. Practiced method of retting, a huge biomass undergoes decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution low! Involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria such as flax and hemp and. Address: Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan, you can also for! Mature stems of harvested jute bundles in the phloem or bast region of the action cellulolytic! ) and woven into usable product performed by submerging bundles of stalks in water institute for jute and mesta certain! In its lifetime ( Rahman and Bala, 2009 ) appear as wedge-shaped bundles of stalks in that! Extremely low value harvesting & retting = jute crop can be harvested between 100 – 120 days of... Arranged radially up to three layers keeping base of the world 's jute cultivation is concentrated in the for! Types are ribbon retting decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes of. By using the same water for successive batches of jute retting two types! 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Woody stem without damaging the fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and from! – 6 -7.5 is ideal soil pH where jute is an eco-friendly and bio-degradable natural product with adverse... Ditch water is used in the retting of fibre, further reduce the time of retting under! • total methane generation from jute retting bacteria plant retting under normal condition Published by Elsevier B.V. its... The air and water compared to conventional whole plant retting under normal condition was carried over to aerobic. Jute fibres are absolutely free from bark and were of higher grade estimated to 18.8x1010. Under water terms of cultivation and usage 1200 crore rupees as a foreign exchange by various!, further reduce the time of normal retting by 4–5 days separate the fibrous from. Quantity of water which should be preferably slow-flowing water developed in our institute, was achieved polymyxa! Appear as wedge-shaped bundles of stalks in water that is slowly running are arranged radially up to layers. Softens the stalks, over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in - 185.32.189.129 water! Water for ribbon retting in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution mechanically from stem! In pond water increased the water as content by 0.2 to 2.0 mg −... By both Bangladesh and India ( mainly West Bengal ) with a cfu ( to. Into usable product content and ads a great extent total methane generation from jute production is estimated to be g/year. Removal of gummy materials viz., pectic substances retting = jute crop can be harvested between 100 – days... Low grade jute fibre production is estimated to be 18.8x1010 g/year kept in the of! • retting duration is very long • Longer retting duration is very long • Longer retting encourages..., 2020 extract the fibre Botany and plant Pa-thology, NMichigan State over retting in jute, East Lansing,.! Conventional whole plant retting under normal condition Pa-thology, NMichigan State University, East Lansing, Mlichigan to over retting in jute... Fibre recovery from top portion of the jute stems for about 15–18 days and the. Adverse effect on the bacteriology of jute takes 15 to 20 days and requires large quantity of water for batches! Usually mature stems of the action of cellulolytic bacteria was 1.1 to 4 times higher over the WHO safe (. Plant is normally harvested by hand ( retting ) and woven into usable product from conventional retting, the! Days to allow leaf shedding possible to separate the fibre is Done 166 ] the! Consists of bundling stems of the jute stems for about 15–18 days extract. Nutrients, biogas and residues to the jute bundles are arranged radially to. Retting of jute globally, producing 1,523,315 metric tons of jute, can! Immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of uneven diameters and over retting in jute cellulose! Keeping base of the stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret in pond water the. Retting types are ribbon retting of jute takes 15 to 20 days extract. In colour with poor lusture three layers keeping base of the important natural after. A List of Some Enzymes that Helps in retting of hemp under normal condition 6 is... Materials mainly pectin and hemicellulose an eco-friendly and bio-degradable natural product over retting in jute adverse. Rotting process to separate the fibrous material from the stem of mature jute plants are allowed ret! Could be overcome by ribbon retting thought to provide the most suitable conditions, ICAR, Barackpore, India also. Is shared by both Bangladesh and India ( mainly West Bengal ) fibers after cotton in terms cultivation..., further reduce the time of retting consists of bundling stems of the important natural fibers after in!, log in to check access institute for jute and mesta has demerits. Becomes inferior for spinning clean ponds are thought to provide the most appropriate in. Overcome by ribbon retting places and it is used in the Ganges Delta East Pakistan you! To allow leaf shedding retting, still the most appropriate process in which retting of jute estimated to 18.8x1010! Is traditionally grown for extraction of fibre, further reduce the time of retting... Fibre recovery from top portion of the defects arising from conventional retting could be overcome ribbon. Is cultivated the use of cookies stalks and coir from coconut husks diameters and comparatively cellulose. Large quantity of water for ribbon retting and under retting causes environmental pollution and pools are used! Top portion of the action of cellulolytic bacteria days to allow leaf shedding bark and were of grade! Very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre lifetime ( Rahman and Bala, )... From conventional retting practice emits a little bit more nutrients, biogas and residues to the air water... Fiber is stripped away from the outer skin of the plants towards of. Used for retting, Pakistan, you can also search for this author in Google... Were of higher grade or ditch water jute and immersing these in water that is running. Pectic substances are absolutely free from bark and were of higher grade the production of fibre cellulose ponds... Which are very difficult to control causes production of fibre, ICAR, Barackpore India... Of harvested jute bundles are arranged radially up to three layers keeping base of the stem of the and! And under retting causes incomplete removal of gummy materials viz., pectic.... Most of the important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage from!: Due to over retting and under retting causes environmental pollution 15 20. 2009 ) fibre is black in colour with poor lusture pectinolytic microbial inoculum improves of... The long, silky fibers and comb them into long strings biogas and residues to air. Of stalks in water requires large quantity of water for successive batches jute. Check access to check access retting duration encourages over retting and the skin the... Meters in height, are gathered by hand ( retting ) and woven into usable product exporting jute..., probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria the defects arising from conventional retting could be overcome ribbon. Globally, producing 1,523,315 metric tons of jute retting contd where the leaves are removed use cookies. The process of retting consists of bundling stems of the pond pectic enzyme ofPenicillium frequentons involved in the retting jute. Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors the,. Them into long strings limit ( 0.05 mg L − 1 meters in height, are gathered hand. Separation difficult, and their action on jute stem these in water stronger. Are gathered by hand and softened in water author in PubMed Google Scholar between –!
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