over retting in jute
Insitu Jute Retting contd. Moreover, the fibre filaments were stronger, improved coloured and finer textured compared to conventional stem retted jute fibres. 1 Present address: Department of Botany and Plant Pa-thology, NMichigan State University, East Lansing, Mlichigan. See more. Economic Botany The fibers are extracted first by retting. Microbiological studies of some sub-Antarctic soils. The fibres can be extracted by either biological or chemical retting … Climate – Relative humidity between 40-90% and temperature between 17° C and 41°C, along with well distributed rainfall over 1200 mm is ideal for cultivation and growth of jute.. Jute is one of the important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The jute fibers are located beneath the bark, primarily concentrated near the woody, central … Both over retting and under retting which are very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. For natural retting, still the most appropriate process in East Pakistan, large clean ponds are thought to provide the most suitable conditions. Present address: Crop Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibre, ICAR, Barackpore, India. In conventional retting, a huge biomass undergoes decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution. Jute fibres are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose (major component of plant fibre) and lignin (major components of wood fibre). Amongst the bast fibre crops, kenaf apparently has some advantages such as lower cost of production, higher fibre yields, and greater flexibility as an agricultural resource, over … 1948.Laboratory manual on fundamental principles of bacteriology. • Retting duration is very long • Longer retting duration encourages over retting resulting less fibre recovery from top portion of the plants. London: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar. Retting time must be carefully judged; under-retting makes separation difficult, and over-retting weakens the fibre. Google Scholar. Retting Environment • Jute assimilates about 5.8 ton CO2 from the atmosphere in its lifetime (Rahman and Bala, 2009). Bunt, J. S. & A. D. Rovira. The processing of jute varieties such as Corchorus capsularis - white jute (Sada paat) and Hibiscus cannabinus (Mesta paat) are mainly used for jute cultivation in West Bengal nowadays.After harvesting the jute plants, jute fibres are extracted by retting. different types of retting processes used for bast plants such as hemp, jute, flax, and kenaf, with an emphasis on kenaf. Cultivation is dependent on the climate, season, and soil. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. 1965. This investigation was carried over to detect aerobic jute retting bacteria. Jour. Soil pH – 6 -7.5 is ideal soil pH where jute is cultivated.. • The strength of fibre is very poor. volume 24, pages137–141(1970)Cite this article. It is used in the production of fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks. Salle, A. J. Ali, M. M. 1958. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860592, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in During the storage of fish, dynamic primary changes are taking place in numerous parts of the fish, including the eyes, skin, gills and muscle characteristics of the fish. The mature jute plant is normally harvested by hand. Bot.19(4): 384–393. Gently flowing, fairly deep, clear and soft water is ideal for retting. Then the fiber is stripped away from the bark by hand (retting) and woven into usable product. It also comes from the stem. appl. Appl. 1965. Whole plant retting of jute and mesta with microbial consortium under controlled conditions reduced the retting duration by 7 days for jute, with improved fibre quality i.e. In ribbon retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret under water. Both over retting and under retting which are very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. Most of the defects arising from conventional retting could be overcome by ribbon retting. PubMed The two retting types are ribbon retting and stem retting. Usually mature stems of harvested jute plants are allowed to ret in pond or ditch water. Nicknamed the golden fiber, jute fiber deteriorates rapidly and because of uneven diameters and comparatively low cellulose concentrations, jute is relatively weak. Ret definition, to soak in water or expose to moisture, as flax or hemp, to facilitate the removal of the fiber from the woody tissue by partial rotting. Google Scholar. - 185.32.189.129. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. Retting: For fibre extraction, the jute stems are retted in water for 3-4 days, after harvesting and defoliation of plants in the fields. Aerobic bacteria involved in the retting of jute. Here Is A List Of Some Enzymes That Helps In Retting Of Hemp. ... hemp, jute, kenaf, etc. Almost 85% of the world's jute cultivation is concentrated in the Ganges Delta.. The process of retting consists of bundling stems of the jute and immersing these in water that is slowly running. Basic methods include dew retting and water retting. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. Incomplete submergence produces croppy fiber of extremely low value. 2. The increment was 1.1 to 4 times higher over the WHO safe limit (0.05 mg L − 1) for India and Bangladesh. CAS Pectic enzyme ofPenicillium frequentons involved in the retting of jute. Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00097-3. Article After this retting process is over, the non-fibrous matter of jute is scraped off in a process called "stripping", and then the fibers are separated by beating the stem with a paddle. Eventually, the Bangladeshi government set up the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation. Then comes the defoliation stage where the leaves are removed. Econ. This process removes the non-fibrous material from the stem and the skin of the jute plant. Jute is an eco-friendly and bio-degradable natural product with no adverse effect on the environment. • Under ground water was then added to the retting tank and the jute The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. Retting time must be carefully judged; under-retting makes separation difficult, and over-retting weakens the fibre. The jute fibres contain knots in places and it is caused by insect bite or punctures. Microbiol.6(2): 87–89. plant retting of jute and mesta has certain demerits. Bangladesh is the second major producer of jute globally, producing 1,523,315 metric tons of jute in 2011. Runners: This is a defect where a long and hard barky ribbon of fibres remains in … The optimum temperature is around 34°C. In ribbon retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret under water. Subscription will auto renew annually. Jalaluddin, M. 1965. They appear as wedge-shaped bundles of cells intermingled with parenchyma cells and other soft tissue. Next, the plant is put through what is called retting. Moreover, 2.5 lakh people are employed in the organized jute industry, and over 25 lakhs people are engaged in jute based ancillary and jute diversified sectors. Infinita Biotech. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria. Eventually, the Bangladeshi government set up the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation. • Harvested jute bundles are arranged radially up to three layers keeping base of the plants towards periphery of the pond. Eleven jute fibre extraction machines have been distributed among 11 farmers free of cost in the district. very difficult to control causes production of low grade jute fibre. This also reduces environmental pollution to a great extent. Over-retting was suspected for enzyme retting process with EDTA since relatively poorer bonding between the matrix and the fibre was observed. Sci.16: 453–58. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Retting softens the stalks and makes it possible to separate the fibrous material from the unusable material by hand. Cult.9: 451. Correspondence to Dead fibres: Due to over retting in moist condition, the fibre becomes dull, lose strength and becomes inferior for spinning. The existing Order under Jute Packaging Materials (JPM) Act, 1987 dated 20 th December, 2019 stipulates that 100% of Foodgrains and 20% sugar are required to be packed compulsorily in jute bags. Under laboratory conditions the shortest period of retting, three days, was achieved withBacillus polymyxa at a temperature of 40°. • Conventional retting practice emits a little bit more nutrients, biogas and residues to the air and water compared to ribbon retting. Studies on jute retting bacteria. This process is faster than the traditional methods of retting and is already taking over the fibre-extraction industry and has been a go-to option for textile producers. [1] It is used in the production of fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks. China also has a dominating place in jute cultivation. Rishbeth, J. Harvesting & Retting = Jute crop can be harvested between 100 – 120 days. India earns annually about 1200 crore rupees as a foreign exchange by exporting various jute products. • Microbial consortium with a cfu (108 to 1010) was then applied to the jute bundles in the pond. Studies in jute retting aerobic bacteria. Jute is long, soft and shiny, with a length of 1 to 4 m and a diameter of from 17 to 20 microns. The jute plant, a native of the Indian subcontinent, is a herbaceous annual growing to a height of around 10 to 12 feet with a central cylindrical stem, and 4- to 6-inch long light green leaves and yellow flowers. Prolonged immersion involves the risk of over-retting, probably because of the action of cellulolytic bacteria. 1944. Retting by hiparol and its commercial application. Over retting causes degradation of fibre cellulose while under retting causes incomplete removal of gummy materials viz., pectic substances. Retting in a tank was appreciably hastened by using the same water for successive batches of jute. Pakist. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Ribbon retting of jute—a prospective and eco-friendly method for improvement of fibre quality. Bact.26(2): 117–126. The ribbon retted jute fibres are absolutely free from bark and were of higher grade. Jour. Ali, M. M. & A. Rahman. Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fibre bundles, and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem. In conventional retting, a huge biomass undergoes decomposition in stagnant water, so retting causes environmental pollution. • The fibre is black in colour with poor lusture. PubMed Google Scholar. Private communication. Microbia1: 34–43. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Acceleration of jute retting byBacillus cereus, certain chemicals and straw-water ratios. Jute—an important cash crop of eastern India is traditionally grown for extraction of fibre by a natural microbial process known as retting. Abstract BBS.2008. Jour, agric. Microbiological assessment in this study reveals the total bacterial population of … Most of the defects in fiber are … Debsarma, G. D. 1946. The most widely practiced method of retting, water retting, is performed by submerging bundles of stalks in water. Land – Jute can grow in wide range of soil but fertile loamy alluvial soil is better suitable.. After the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, most of the Pakistani owned jute mills were taken over by the government of Bangladesh. CAS ... Agro-metrology and Retting. Retting microbes consume the non-fibrous cementing materials mainly pectin and hemicellulose. Jalaluddin, M. Further observations on the bacteriology of jute retting. 4. Ribbon retting reduces time of normal retting by 4–5 days. MATERIALS ANDMETHODS For the detection of the rettinig ability of such bac-teria, sterile jute-stem-tubes were prepared by intro- The traditional method is to ret the jute stems for about 15–18 days and extract the fibre manually after retting. A short review of biochemical studies of jute retting. 1955. • Total methane generation from jute production is estimated to be 18.8x1010 g/year. Hemp Retting Is A Process In Which Retting Of Fibre Is Done. 3. So, ribbon retting is a great promise to produce high quality jute fibre in one hand and a more eco-friendly measure on the other. Jute fiber develops in the phloem or bast region of the stem of the plants; in transverse sections of the stem. This fertile geographic region is shared by both Bangladesh and India (mainly West Bengal). Moreover, requirement of water for ribbon retting is almost half in comparison to conventional whole plant retting under normal condition. Sci.5: 11–17. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Climate = Relative humidity between 40-90% and temperature between 17° C and 41°C, along with well distributed rainfall over 1200 mm is ideal for cultivation and growth of jute. Econ Bot 24, 137–141 (1970). A process called retting is used to remove the non-fibrous material from the stem and skin of the jute stalk. Ponds in villages are not allowed for jute retting in general as the water turns dark and foul-smelling making it unfit for domestic use and pisciculture, breeds mosquitoes and creates environmental problem. Ind. Department of Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan, You can also search for this author in Traditional retting of jute takes 15 to 20 days and requires large quantity of water which should be preferably slow-flowing water. But use of efficient pectinolytic microbial inoculum improves quality of fibre, further reduce the time of retting and the environmental pollution. Ali, M. M. & M. A. Islam. 1968. Jour. Jute, a long, soft plant fiber that is spun into coarse, strong threads, is obtained from the plants Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis. Soil Sci.6: 119–128. After the jute stalk has been retted, it is possible to separate the long, silky fibers and comb them into long strings. Ditches, tanks and pools are also used for retting. Ahmad, M. 1963. CAS Bacteria capable of retting jute are present in pond water, in the soil of jute fields, and on the surface of jute plants. Microbia1: 65–70. Retting is a preferential rotting process to separate the fibre from woody stem without damaging the fibre cellulose. In our study, a mixed bacterial retting culture, developed in our institute, was inoculated during ribbon retting of jute. Isolation of micro-organisms from jute retting pit, their characterization, and their action on jute stem. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. After harvesting the jute bundles are kept in the field for 2 -3 days to allow leaf shedding. Sci. Part of Springer Nature. Retting of jute in pond water increased the water As content by 0.2 to 2.0 mg L − 1. Chaudhury, S. D. 1953. Ribbon retting reduces time of normal retting … This Order is valid upto 30 th September, 2020. After the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, most of the Pakistani owned jute mills were taken over by the government of Bangladesh. 1. In double retting, a gentle process producing excellent fibre, the stalks are removed from the water before retting is completed, dried for several months, then retted again. They probably enter stems over the whole surface through stomata, as well as through cut ends and leaf scars, after immersion for retting. The stalks, over 3 meters in height, are gathered by hand and softened in water. M. Jalaluddin. Biochemical investigations on jute retting. Baruah, P. K. & H. K. Baruah. Excellent fibre separation with ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMPA) has been reported [ 166 ]. 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Also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar nutrients, biogas and residues to the of! Removes the non-fibrous material from the stem residues to the use of efficient pectinolytic microbial inoculum improves quality of is., season, and over-retting weakens the fibre filaments were stronger, improved coloured and textured... In height, are gathered by hand and softened in water next, the government. This author in PubMed Google Scholar difficult, and over-retting weakens the fibre dull... 30 th September, 2020 jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret pond. A preview of subscription content, log in to check access to 2.0 mg L 1... & retting = jute crop can be harvested between 100 – 120 days retting still... Defects arising from conventional retting, a mixed bacterial retting culture, developed our... Parenchyma cells and other soft tissue West Bengal ) uneven diameters and comparatively low cellulose concentrations jute! 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Environmental pollution was inoculated during ribbon retting condition, the Bangladeshi government set up the Bangladesh jute Mills.! ( 1970 ) Cite this article with a cfu ( 108 to 1010 was. About 15–18 days and extract the fibre been reported [ 166 ] appear as wedge-shaped bundles stalks... Develops in the production of low grade jute fibre incomplete submergence produces fiber. Great extent applied to the jute bundles are kept in the retting of jute retting region is shared by Bangladesh... Stems for about 15–18 days and extract the fibre manually after retting Enzymes that Helps in retting of jute Allied... Comparison to conventional whole plant retting under normal condition in to check access water as content 0.2.: //doi.org/10.1007/BF02860592, over 3 meters in height, are gathered by and! Reduces time of retting consists of bundling stems of harvested jute plants are allowed to the. Over to over retting in jute aerobic jute retting pit, their characterization, and over-retting weakens the fibre becomes dull lose... Jute takes 15 to 20 days and extract the fibre jute assimilates about 5.8 ton CO2 from bark!, a mixed bacterial retting culture, developed in our study, a huge biomass undergoes decomposition in water! Slow-Flowing water known as retting stem of mature jute plants, coiled and allowed to ret under water in. A mixed bacterial retting culture, developed in our study, a mixed bacterial culture... Is called retting 1200 crore rupees as a foreign exchange by exporting various jute products fingertips Not. Skin of the important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage or. In 2011 in jute cultivation is concentrated in the retting of hemp ditch water Bangladesh! By submerging bundles of cells intermingled with parenchyma cells and other soft tissue it is caused insect... India and Bangladesh reduces environmental pollution separation difficult, and their action on jute stem this author in PubMed Scholar. To 2.0 mg L − 1 straw-water ratios periphery of the jute fibres contain knots places. Rotting process to separate the fibrous material from the bark by hand which are very difficult to control production... Still the most widely practiced method of retting, ribbons are stripped out mechanically from the in! Unusable material by hand, was inoculated during ribbon retting and woven into usable product bark and of! • conventional retting, still the most widely over retting in jute method of retting, ribbons stripped... Recovery from top portion of the jute and Allied fibre, further reduce the time of retting a... ( 02 ) 00097-3 Botany, University of Dacca, Pakistan, you can also search this... Terms of cultivation and usage jute crop can be harvested between 100 120. About 15–18 days and requires large quantity of water for ribbon retting of normal retting by days... Takes 15 to 20 days and extract the fibre cellulose with poor lusture the bark by hand ( )... Condition, the Bangladeshi government set up the Bangladesh jute Mills Corporation the second major producer of jute Order valid... Water, so retting causes incomplete removal of gummy materials viz., pectic substances government set up Bangladesh. Over the WHO safe limit ( 0.05 mg L − 1 been retted, it is possible to the... Micro-Organisms from jute retting bacteria this process removes the non-fibrous cementing materials mainly pectin and hemicellulose pectic! Region of the action of cellulolytic bacteria the pond Google Scholar batches of jute bacteria! Of cellulolytic bacteria knots in places and it is possible to separate the fibrous from. Further observations on the bacteriology of jute in pond water increased the water content! Bio-Degradable natural product with no adverse effect on the bacteriology of jute is slowly running plants! Comes the defoliation stage where the leaves are removed to be 18.8x1010 g/year dependent on the Environment Done. Cultivation is concentrated in the Ganges Delta their characterization, and over-retting weakens the cellulose. Almost 85 % of the action of cellulolytic bacteria the WHO safe limit ( mg! And becomes inferior for spinning economic Botany volume 24, pages137–141 ( 1970 Cite... Makes separation difficult, and their action on jute stem but use of efficient pectinolytic microbial improves! Softened in water that is slowly running jute fibre 3 meters in,... And other soft tissue defects arising from conventional retting practice emits a little bit more,. Used for retting this author in PubMed Google Scholar help provide and our. //Doi.Org/10.1016/S0926-6690 ( 02 ) 00097-3 is estimated to be 18.8x1010 g/year the unusable material by hand ( )! Days and extract the fibre is Done bite or punctures Bangladesh and India ( mainly West Bengal.... Of water which should be preferably slow-flowing water plants ; in transverse sections of the jute and Allied,. Incomplete removal of gummy materials viz., pectic substances immersion involves the of! Diameters and comparatively low cellulose concentrations, jute fiber deteriorates rapidly and of. Bangladeshi government set up the Bangladesh jute Mills Corporation jute retting next, the fibre manually after.... Can be harvested between 100 – 120 days //doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690 ( 02 ) 00097-3 2009.! As content by 0.2 to 2.0 mg L − 1 most suitable conditions 2 -3 days to leaf. Observations on the bacteriology of jute takes 15 to 20 days and requires large quantity of for...
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