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These were: the lack of productivity of its war economy, the weak supply lines, the start of a war on two fronts, and the lack of strong leadership. GDP View looking up at the destroyed Monte Cassino Abbey. Doing so would expose their flanks to the Aurunci Mountains to the south and to the north, to Monte Cassino, a shoulder of rock that stretched southeast from its 5,000-foot pinnacle of Monte Cairo. Group A were the main focus of the German offensive. By breaking international agreements set out in the Treaty of Versailles and pursuing aggressive expansionism, Germanys actions made a major European war more likely. The Soviet Union had an enormous amount of manpower to call upon, and despite facing the German troops who were both more experienced and more highly trained, there was a constant ready supply of men to face them. On 16 May, soldiers from the Polish II Corps launched one of the final assaults on the German defensive position as part of a twenty- division assault along a twenty-mile front. IWM (NA 13363) If you can provide any additional information, please add it here. Moving forward on January 17, the British X Corps crossed the Garigliano River and attacked along the coast putting heavy pressure on the German 94th Infantry Division. The Einsatzgruppen were made up approximately 3000 men. On 19 November 1942, the Russians overwhelmed Romanian armies who were supporting the Germans in the north west of the city. The Battle of Monte Cassino took place from 17 January 1944 to 18 May 1944. I do not want it to cloak slackness or indifference.. To the west of the mountains, Clark's forces moved up Routes 6 and 7. .and to see them now in unknown hands, victims, they too, of a war that uproots and beats down everything. -Cesare Fasola. Code named Operation Weserbung, the invasions began on the 9 April 1940. On 24 August 1941, Hitler publicly ordered the end of the T4 programme to murder disabled people. . This decision marked an active switch to bombing civilian targets. Inextricably linked to the 2nd Battle of Monte Cassino was the more direct impact on the development of our independent cultural identity, which we collectively associate with today. To the north, XIII Corps made two crossings of the Rapido. Corps Radio Photo-2-7-44 / Italy! Allied troops landed in southern Italy in September 1943, but only had limited progress due to the harsh winter and Axis defences. Against Hitlers direct orders, Utilizing a variety of deceptions, the Allies were able to ensure that Kesselring was unaware of these troop movements. On 29 May, Belgium surrendered. Both efforts were successful and soon the German Tenth Army was reeling and facing being surrounded. By March 1945, the Allied troops had crossed the River Rhine. With VI Corps surging inland from Anzio, Clark shockingly ordered them to turn northwest for Rome rather than cut off and aid in the destruction of von Vietinghoff. The First Battle of Cassino had been a failure for the Allies. They raped every village woman and girl they could get their hands on, an estimated 3,000 women, ranging in . The Battle of Monte Cassino: The History of the Battle for Rome during World War II chronicles the crucial 1944 battle. The Second World War On 3 September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. The bombing of Pearl Harbour, which brought the United States into the war on the side of the Allies, had a huge impact on the final outcome of the war. During the first of four bloody attempts to take Monte Cassino and the town that occupied its slope, the Allied Fifth Army was . By late September, the Nazis were on the edge of Leningrad, having covered hundreds of miles of Soviet territory. It was believed that German observers and artillery spotters were using the abbey for protection. An understanding of the scale and timeline of the war is vital to understanding the context in which the Holocaust took place. This had numerous outcomes, among them losing key economic outputs, as well as making people who had previously been German part of other countries. To the southeast, 28th (Mori) Battalion succeeded in crossing the Rapido and captured the Cassino railroad station. This, alongside key Soviet advances, contributed to the German retreat. The Italian campaign had already been underway for several months. Shows the significance of the battle of Cassino, not only in the Italian campaign, but also in the whole course of the World War in Europe. In 1937, Italy joined this pact. As a result, Clark was forced to use Route 6 which passed through the Liri Valley. US #2765f - from the 1943: Turning the Tide Sheet. . Due to the Apennine Mountains, which run the length of Italy, Alexander's forces advanced on two fronts with the Lieutenant General Mark Clark's US Fifth Army on the east and Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard Montgomery's British Eighth Army on the west. This situation however, was not inevitable. Lacking armor support as the river could not be spanned, they were forced back by German tanks and infantry on February 18. It opened with a massive bombardment manned by soldiers of many countries, and the task of the Poles was to gain the Abbey. World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the . The Nazis ended the period of Phoney War with their invasion of Denmark and Norway on the 9 April 1940. The commanders of the American, British, and French divisions had a lot to think about. Inland, Leese's XIII Corps and Lieutenant General Wladyslaw Anders' 2nd Polish Corps opposed Cassino. With his right-wing wavering, Kesselring began pulling back to the Hitler Line, approximately eight miles to the rear. At the centre of the line, blocking the route to Rome, was the town of Cassino, dominated by the mountain of Monte Cassino with its 1,400 year old Benedictine abbey. On 17 September, the Soviet Union joined forces with Germany and invaded Poland. Vallerotonda, Italy. The bloody battles to capture and hold Cassino. The attack on Monte Cassino was a bloody affair and one that was dubbed the Stalingrad of the Italian front. It aimed to take the little Italian town of Cassino and its overlooking Monastery, Monte Cassino from German hands. 15 March 1944. Between 17 Jan - 18 May 1944 for 123 days Monte Cassino and the Gustav Line were the scene of some of the most ferocious fighting in . In mid-1944, the economy peaked. World War II: Battle of Monte Cassino. From the Collection of The National WWII Museum, 2002.337.080. When coupled with Germanys aggressive foreign policy, the creation of an alternative military alliance to the Allies, intensified the volatile situation. and occupy Rome. Typically, the Einsatzgruppen murdered their victims in mass shootings, however there were also cases of the Einsatzgruppen using mobile gas vans. The USA were caught by surprise by the attack. Battle of Monte Cassino 17 January thru 18 May 1944 Monte Cassino Abbey in November 2004 The Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as the Battle for Rome and the Battle for Cassino) was a costly series of four assaults by the Allies against the Winter Line in Italy held by the Germans and Italians during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The next morning, on 6 June 1944, the attack began. In the beginning of the Second World War, the Allies were forced into retreat due to early German victories, such as the Battle of France. The French Expeditionary Corps commanded by General Juin achieved the first success. These efforts were supported by the French Expeditionary Corps to the north which captured Monte Belvedere and assaulted Monte Cifalco. On the 23 August 1942, the Germans launched an offensive to seize the city of Stalingrad in south-west Russia. https://www.thoughtco.com/battle-of-monte-cassino-2360450 (accessed September 7, 2021). Having expected a quick victory, the German troops became more and more exhausted and they were unprepared for a Russian winter after months of warfare. Americans with loved ones and friends involved in the conflict were angry that their family members might be risking their lives to save a building. On January 17, 1944, the Allies launched one of the longest and bloodiest fights of the Italian campaign - the Battle of Monte Cassino. Official caption on front: "MM-5-44-303"; Official Official caption on reverse: "Sig. Chrissy Gregg is the Director of Distance Learning at The National WWII Museum in New Orleans. 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