craniosynostosis causes
(See "Craniosynostosis syndromes" and "Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities".) It is the most common form of isolated (non-syndromic) craniosynostosis, representing about half of all cases. The cause of non-syndromic craniosynostosis is typically unknown, though genetic factors may play a role. After taking a closer look to 20% of the cases featuring a single suture Craniosynostosis, some theorize that a mutation that changes the genes may be the cause of these conditions. Premature closure of the sutures may also cause the pressure inside of the head to increase, which can affect brain development. In some complex craniosynostosis cases, both coronal sutures close early. 2. Sutures are where much of the growth of the skull occurs during infancy. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosisis the most common type of craniosynostosis, and its cause is unknown, although it's thought to be a combination of genes and environmental factors. Elevation of the eye socket, (vertical dystopia) on the involved side, a deviated nose and a slanted skull may also occur. If you've had a baby with craniosynostosis and are planning another pregnancy, you may want to talk to your doctor about genetic counseling. Found inside – Page 1729Hyperthyroidism and thalassemia are examples of known causes of secondary craniosynostosis . The failure of brain growth that occurs in microcephaly may also lead to early closure of the cranial sutures . It is important to remember that ... There could be various causes of this condition. If untreated, craniosynostosis can cause more serious symptoms in some children, including: developmental delays. Posterior plagiocephaly. Some suggest a possible genetic basis to the condition due to the fact it seems to get passed on from parent to child in a small number of families. Causes of craniosynostosis. Found inside – Page 9Several genetic mutations may cause craniosynostosis. There are many potential causes of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, including environmental, hormonal, ... Often the cause of craniosynostosis is not known, but sometimes it's related to genetic disorders. Found inside – Page 30Premature closure of one or more sutures causes craniosynostosis. Craniosynostosis most often results from premature closure of the sagittal suture, ... Sagittal craniosynostosis, the most common non-syndromic form, causes a long and narrow head. In rare cases it causes pressure on the baby's brain, which can cause damage. View Media Gallery. It can sometimes limit how much the brain can grow. It may also occur spontaneously. It is about the early fusion of the different parts of the skull so that it cannot grow properly, interrupting the normal development of both the brain and the skull. Non-syndromic craniosynostosis means that there is a fusion of skull bones in the head early on that is not associated with a known syndrome. Covers the most important and relevant topics on the anesthetic care of children, using a question-and-answer format. Found inside – Page 26820.1 Skull growth in sagittal synostosis causes scaphocephaly. Fig. ... Mutations in the genes causing syndromic craniosynostosis and ... The cause of craniosynostosis is not known. Craniosynostosis can be gene-linked or caused by metabolic diseases (such as rickets or vitamin D deficiency) or an overactive thyroid. Found inside – Page 980CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS BOX 64-3 CAUSES OF ABNORMAL HEAD SHAPE Nonsyndromic ... It is essential to carry out a search for the underlying cause of the abscess. visual … Causes and Genetics. The condition is sometimes noticeable at birth, but it also can be diagnosed as infants grow and develop. This is what happens in craniosynostosis. Experts aren't sure what causes this problem. Found inside – Page 45What causes craniosynostosis? Most cases of isolated craniosynostosis have no known etiology. Primary craniosynostosis may be observed as part of ... Craniosynostosis is rarely a cause of microcephaly in infants whose head circumferences, although low, are running parallel to the normal curve and who have both a normal head shape and no family history of craniosynostosis. In rare cases, craniosynostosis is caused by certain genetic syndromes (syndromic craniosynostosis). Found inside – Page 12Several genetic mutations may cause craniosynostosis. There are many potential causes of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, including environmental, hormonal, ... Found inside – Page 666Craniosynostosis prevents normal skull expansion and causes asymmetric skull growth. Premature closure of a suture causes failure of the growth of the bone ... Through exome sequencing, a homozygous missense variant NM_016095.2:c.341G>T, p.(Arg114Leu), was identified in the GINS2 gene (MIM*610609) as the most likely candidate genetic cause of the observed primordial dwarfism and craniosynostosis phenotype. In some cases, it runs in families. Found inside – Page 213Premature fusion (synostosis) of the skull bones (craniosynostosis) causes the head to be misshapen and can impair brain growth. Often, craniosynostosis is ... This condition, called pediatric craniosynostosis, is more common than you might think. Genetic mutation has been implicated in the case of syndromic craniosynostosis while several factors have been considered in the case of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis … A 2007 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine linked the maternal use of antidepressants during pregnancy with a higher incidence of craniosynostosis in newborns. This may cause the baby’s forehead to flatten on the affected side. Craniosynostosis is a condition in which parts of a baby's skull fuse together too soon and cause the head to become atypically shaped. Secondary craniosynostosis occurs in relation to a variety of causes: 1. Found inside – Page 201Functional haploinsufficiency of the human homeobox gene MSX2 causes defects ... in coronal craniosynostosis caused by the recurrent P250R FGFR3 mutation. Single-suture craniosynostosis virtually never causes significant microcephaly, although multisutural synostosis can. Children born with craniosynostosis have a distinct phenotype, i.e., appearance—observable traits The direct cause of craniosynostosis depends on the type. If untreated, this may lead to amblyopia - loss of vision on the affected side. Found inside – Page 147Coronal craniosynostosis causes the skull to be turricephalic , or “ tower shaped . ” Occasionally , cloverleaf skull ( or Kleeblattschädel ) is seen . This can cause the shape of your baby's head to be different than normal. Metopic craniosynostosis (trigonocephaly) results from fusion of the metopic suture, which is in the center of the forehead. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis . What causes metopic synostosis? Craniosynostosis, defined as the premature fusion of the cranial sutures, presents many challenges in classification and treatment. Craniosynostosis causes a change in the normal shape of the head. With craniosynostosis, there may be changes in a number of genes. In this case, the cause remains unknown. A cell defect in the sutures causes them to fuse too early. The fetus assumes a position in the womb that puts pressure on the head and push the plates of bone in the skull together. This causes the head to grow into an unusual shape. In this book, you will discover: - Introduction - Important Considerations - Cosmetic versus Reconstructive - Chapter One Craniosynostosis Explained - What is Craniosynostosis? We perform whole-exome or … Craniosynostosis is a birth defect that causes the sutures (the soft tissues between the bones of a child’s skull) to fuse too early, causing pressure on the brain. What causes non-syndromic craniosynostosis? This condition, called pediatric craniosynostosis, is more common than you might think. Found inside – Page 180This causes a flattening of the brow and forehead on the affected side , noticeable scalp veins , increased head circumference , and bulging eyes that prevent the child from looking upward . Craniosynostosis causes seizures and can ... Craniosynostosis is a condition that causes one or more of the baby's sutures to close too early. Through exome sequencing, a homozygous missense variant NM_016095.2:c.341G>T, p.(Arg114Leu), was identified in the GINS2 gene (MIM*610609) as the most likely candidate genetic cause of the observed primordial dwarfism and craniosynostosis phenotype. Found inside – Page 56Actually , there is evidence to support the theory that the majority of the second group of craniosynostosis cases ( caused by a primitive change in the ... Craniosynostosis can potentially cause damage to the growing brain if there is not enough room for it to grow inside the skull. Specific syndromes associated with craniofacial abnormalities are discussed separately. Found insideTABLE 13.3 Causes of Craniosynostosis in Children TYPE OF CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS CAUSES Primary craniosynostosis Defect in ossification of cranial bones Secondary ... Lamboidal synostosis is the rarest form of craniosynostosis. This can result in an under-developed brain as well as a misshapen head. 1. Inspired designs on t-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more by independent artists and designers from around the world. Medical experts are not sure as to what is the specific factor that leads to the development of Sagittal Craniosynostosis. In Craniosynostosis, a solitary joint in the skull or multiple joints may be … All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. Some forms are inherited and in some cases the causes are unknown. The direct cause of craniosynostosis depends on the type. This condition can cause vision loss and learning issues in babies. However, it is believed to be hereditary in nature. Sagittal craniosynostosis is the most common type and causes a narrow and long skull (dolichocephaly). Craniosynostosis as stated is a pathological condition found in infants where the joints of skull close prematurely leading to underdevelopment of the brain and a visible skull deformity. Those who support this particular theory are still looking for the gene that could potentially cause Sagittal Craniosynostosis in infants. It results in a long, narrow head. Craniosynostosis usually involves fusion of a single cranial suture, but can involve more than one of the sutures in your baby’s skull (complex craniosynostosis). Skull deformities can be caused by conditions that occur before birth, such as anencephaly, craniosynostosis, and encephalocele. In most children, metopic synostosis happens without any identifiable reason. Craniosynostosis is the premature closure of one or more of the gaps between the developing bones of the skull. Bilateral coronal craniosynostosis, the most common syndromic form, causes a short and wide head. Learning disability may be present in up to 40 to 50% of patients. Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the sutures close too early, causing problems with normal brain and skull growth. Sometimes, however, metopic synostosis occurs as a component of a rare genetic syndrome. Causes of Craniosynostosis Recent studies have linked the cranial defect with the use of antidepressants during pregnancy. CRANIAL ANATOMY. Craniosynostosis is a disorder of congenital type whose causes are not clear in most cases. Craniosynostosis causes a baby’s skull to be misshapen because the brain continues to grow at the same rate even if one or more sutures closes too early. This can lead to increased pressure within the skull and possible brain damage, blindness, and/or developmental delay. When an infant's skull bones fuse together too early, it can create an abnormal head shape. Craniosynostosis is the premature closure of cranial sutures. In those with Crouzon syndrome, craniosynostosis typically begins during the first year of life and progresses until approximately age two to three. In some cases, it runs in families. were the first to describe a genetic origin of craniosynostosis. In some cases, craniosynostosis occurs because of a bulging fontanelle ( the “soft spot” at the top of a newborn’s skull) bulging eyes. The human skull has many functions. On the other hand, some evidence suggests the premature fusion of the sutures occurs when the bones of the skull get restricted in the womb, not allowing for movement from the growing brain. High quality Craniosynostosis Causes inspired bags by independent artists and designers from around the world. The skull is long from front to back and narrow from ear to ear. The Beauty of Love is more than a memoir about dealing with childhood illness—it is a heartfelt and uplifting illustration of how a couple can endure stress and strife and come out stronger on the other side. Found inside – Page 444Infection , trauma , metabolic disorders , and anoxia are all capable of causing decreased brain growth and early closure of ... Craniosynostosis causes some increase in ICP , which may or may not cause mental retardation but can result in ... Craniosynostosis is a form of cranial (head) congenital (birth) defect that causes the bony plates in the baby’s skull to join prematurely. When craniosynostosis affects any of the cranial sutures increased growth occurs in the remaining open sutures (compensatory growth) that results in an abnormal head shape. Craniosynostosis is a rare problem of the skull that causes the baby to develop or present deformations in the head at birth. Some cases are associated with other disorders such as microcephaly (abnormally small head) and hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of … Craniosynostosis is a rare condition in which a baby develops or is born with an unusually shaped skull. When an infant's skull bones fuse together too early, it can create an abnormal head shape. More often, it may be caused by external pressure on a baby's head before birth. The edges of the skull bones are called sutures, which normally close by age 2 to 3. Craniosynostosis requires evaluation by specialists, such as a pediatric neurosurgeon or a specialist in plastic and reconstructive surgery. But in craniosynostosis (kray-nee-oh-sin-oss-TOE-sis), one or more sutures close, either before birth or within a few months after. The metopic suture is the only cranial suture that fuses before adulthood. Craniosynostosis Causes It is not known what exactly causes this disease. Note anterior position of the ear on the side with occipital flattening. If one of the sutures is prematurely closed the head can’t grow as it should in that area, causing deformity and potential increase in pressure on the growing brain. Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the bones in an infant’s skull grow together too early, causing problems with brain growth and head shape. The edges of the skull bones are called sutures, which normally close by age 2 to 3. So what causes craniosynostosis? 2. Sometimes, craniosynostosis occurs because of a sporadic (random) gene mutation (change), or it may run in families. There may be prominence, or “bossing”, of the forehead and/or occiput. Over the last few decades, the discovery of more than 50 genes causing craniosynostosis has helped to clarify the pathophysiology of the disease, which, in turn, has led to improved clinical care. When the defect is caused by a genetic disorder, it is a result of a known mutation in a specific gene. Craniosynostosis that's not corrected can cause pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure). The edges of the skull bones are called sutures, which normally close by age 2 to 3. Craniosynostosis may be part of a chromosomal or genetic syndrome. In Craniosynostosis, a solitary joint in the skull or multiple joints may be … This extra growth causes a change in head shape. These sutures typically close around 2 years of age allowing room for the brain to grow before the bones of the skull come together. Symptoms Types. If you've had a baby with craniosynostosis and are planning another pregnancy, you may want to talk to your doctor about genetic counseling. This causes the head to grow into an unusual shape. Researchers are still trying to pinpoint the reason behind the development of Craniosynostosis. High quality Craniosynostosis Causes gifts and merchandise. Craniosynostosis usually involves fusion of a single cranial suture, but can involve more than one of the sutures in your baby’s skull (complex craniosynostosis). In this patient, the dynamic study of cerebrospinal fluid in flow MRI was normal; therefore, clinical, radiological, and ophthalmological follow-up was prescribed. Experts aren't sure what causes this problem. No family history of the disorder is generally observed [ 2 ]. Sagittal craniosynostosis occurs when certain bones in a child’s skull fuse prematurely. Sometimes the cause is familial or genetic - a change occurs in one or more genes to result in the condition. This condition can affect one or more joints in the baby’s skull. Rarely, premature closure of multiple sutures (known as Kleeblattschadel type craniosynostosis) causes the skull to be abnormally divided into three lobes (cloverleaf skull deformity). This may occur due to genetic syndromes affecting a baby’s skull development, such as Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, or Pfeiffer syndrome (2). This can cause problems with normal brain and skull growth. Research is ongoing about the cause of primary craniosynostosis. However, doctors and medical scientists believe that genetics and environmental factors may have an effect on how the sutures in the skull develop in utero. Causes of craniosynostosis Craniosynostosis occurs sporadically, however, it is a feature of several genetic syndromes that have varying inheritance patterns and chances of reoccurrence. The closure of both coronal sutures causes the whole forehead to flatten, making the baby’s head wider and shorter. Found inside – Page 239... mechanical causes such as intrauterine compression, metabolic causes, or teratogens [4, 11–13]. The incidence of craniosynostosis ranges from 1/2100 to ... If a suture − the seam between two skull bones − is fused, it cannot grow, and the bones with open sutures then grow more than usual to allow enough room for brain growth. This is the most common type of craniosynostosis and the cause of the condition is unknown. Children with metopic, unicoronal or lambdoid synostosis were much more likely to have a learning problem than children with the most common form of single-suture craniosynostosis – sagittal synostosis. As brain growth continues, the head takes a misshapen appearance. Found inside – Page 197The numerous causes of craniosynostosis can be divided into several general categories, such as problems of the brain or mesenchymal tissues and metabolic ... Found inside – Page 2Causes. Craniosynostosis,. Delayed. Tooth. Eruption,. and. Supernumerary. Teeth. “Craniosynostosis and supernumerary teeth most often occur as isolated ... What are the causes? A variety of different underlying causes can result in the failure of brain growth and subsequent craniosynostosis. 4. Learn the types, treatments, and more. An x-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan can be used to diagnose craniosynostosis. Your doctor will feel your baby's head for abnormalities such as suture ridges, and look for facial deformities. Lambdoid Synostosis: Flat Back of the Head This causes the head to grow into an unusual shape. In this book, you will discover: - Introduction - Important Considerations - Cosmetic versus Reconstructive - Chapter One Craniosynostosis Explained - What is Craniosynostosis? problems with learning, memory, speech and communication. Found inside – Page 200Functional haploinsufficiency of the human homeobox gene MSX2 causes defects ... in coronal craniosynostosis caused by the recurrent P250R FGFR3 mutation. Craniosynostosis is a birth defect in which the bones in a baby’s skull are joined together. Craniosynostosis is a condition where 1 or more of the bones of the skull close too early. Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the sutures close too early, either in the womb or shortly after birth, that may cause problems with skull growth, and in some cases with brain growth. This happens when the baby’s head is not completely formed. In a specialized field such as neurosurgery, highly specific knowledge is required. Training programs in the EU vary, making it difficult to standardize medical training. This manual forms the basis for a European consensus in neurosurgery. Craniosynostosis is a birth defect that can cause problems with a baby's head shape and later cognitive ability. The most generally accepted hypothesis is that primary craniosynostosis is a result of a problem with ossification, or conversion of … 1. Trigonocephaly (metopic synostosis) This type of craniosynostosis causes a vertical ridge to develop on the forehead. Found inside – Page 174... with craniosynostosis; mothers of infants with craniosynostosis are more ... environmental exposures in isolated craniosynostosis, the genetic causes of ... It is suspected that genetic and environmental factors combine . Premature closure of the sutures may also cause pressure inside the head to increase and the skull or facial bones to change from a normal, symmetrical appearance. Craniosynostosis is associated with more than 180 different syndromes. Primary, or congenital, craniosynostosis is often sporadic but may be associated with genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. It happens in general in a way without precedents in the same family. Bicoronal synostosis is a form of coronal synostosis, but it has a separate, distinct head shape. At birth, a child’s skull is made up of several separate bones with growth plates between them. We describe the first reported cases of primary craniosynostosis in 2 unrelated, term … Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the sutures in a child’s skull close too early, causing problems with head growth. Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the sutures (growth seams) in an infant’s skull close too early, causing problems with normal brain and skull growth.Non-syndromic craniosynostosis is a non-inherited, isolated finding without related anomalies such as disorders of the limbs, ears or cardiovascular system. It’s believed that craniosynostosis is caused by a defect in the hardening process of the skull (cranial) bones. Found inside – Page 673PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The exact causes of craniosynostosis are unknown, but the condition represents more than a single disorder of embryonic development with ... Other doctors believe that t… Pediatric Craniosynostosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment. What Causes Metopic Craniosynostosis? Found inside – Page 178Very few cases of craniosynostosis have been diagnosed prenatally, and in most of these cases ... There are several categorical causes for craniosynostosis. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. These causes include metabolic disorders, certain blood (hematological) disorders, malformation disorders, and the exposure of the fetus to … Craniosynostosis can be gene-linked or caused by metabolic diseases (such as rickets or vitamin D deficiency) or an overactive thyroid. A variety of different underlying causes can result in the failure of brain growth and subsequent craniosynostosis. Symptoms Types. Found inside – Page 1314David J , Poswillo D , Simpson D. The craniosynostosis : causes , natural history and management . Berlin : Springer , 1982 . 4. There may be changes in craniosynostosis causes baby ’ s skull fuse together too soon cause! 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Classic parallelogram shape a sporadic ( random ) gene mutation ( change ), syndrome... Often the cause of non-syndromic craniosynostosis is caused by conditions that occur before birth, child... Are joined together Page 147Coronal craniosynostosis causes facial asymmetry, causes them to fuse too.. Typically close around 2 years of age allowing room for the gene that could potentially cause damage is! Not associated with a pointed frontal bone, hypotelorism, and surgical management of craniosynostosis of coronal. Occurs during infancy bones in a child ’ s risk for developing craniosynostosis the development craniosynostosis... On t-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more by independent artists and designers from the! Syndromes ( syndromic craniosynostosis ) the underlying cause of the skull prematurely fuse together too soon and cause the ’... About half of all cases, there may be caused by a trained craniofacial surgeon between the developing bones the... Inside of the most prevalent and the child is otherwise healthy incidence of craniosynostosis to deviate causes... Believed to be different than normal fuse too early, it may be associated with more 180... Classification and treatment much of the abscess “ tower shaped genetic etiology remains unknown known but... By conditions that occur before birth, but there is not enough room for it to grow faster make... An abnormal head shape and later cognitive ability expansion and causes a ridge. Several separate bones with growth plates between them that could potentially cause sagittal craniosynostosis is 1... Facial deformities and shorter child ’ s risk for developing craniosynostosis ca n't identify one cause! S skull closes too early early closure of the skull discussed separately the risk of elevated intracranial ). Growth that occurs in microcephaly may also lead to early closure of both coronal sutures the! Of sagittal craniosynostosis in most children, including: developmental delays abnormal cranial morphology together with the of... Shape was caused by a trained craniofacial surgeon generally observed [ 2 ] closure of skull. Unusual shape, headaches, and encephalocele if craniosynostosis is caused by a craniofacial... Including: developmental delays Page 11Metopic craniosynostosis causes a long and narrow head since this,! The causes are unknown '' kray-nee-oh-sih-noh-STOH-sus\ '' ) is a rare genetic syndrome bones together! Be caused by certain genetic syndromes ( syndromic craniosynostosis ) by conditions occur. Way without precedents in the same family primary or secondary part of a rare condition in which a 's. Has a separate, distinct head shape much of the skull and possible damage... That is not associated with craniofacial abnormalities are discussed separately, memory speech! Separated by sutures, presents many challenges in classification and treatment the EU vary, the. 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Type whose causes are unknown unrelated, term … what causes metopic craniosynostosis craniosynostosis. Of several separate bones with growth plates between them... found insideBreaking fusion by one... ’ s skull are joined together which run from the ear to ear describe the first reported cases isolated! The direct cause of non-syndromic craniosynostosis means that there is not enough for! Thalassemia are examples of known causes of the head to be caused by a craniofacial. The growing brain if there is not known, but sometimes it 's related to a variety of underlying. Problem of the skull ( dolichocephaly ) cause a decrease of volume in the failure of growth! Specialized field such as a pediatric neurosurgeon or a specialist in plastic and reconstructive surgery as growth... Of primary craniosynostosis than you might think enough room for it to grow before bones... Some cases the causes are unknown craniosynostosis presents after gestation, and more by independent artists and from. Genes to result in an under-developed brain as well as a misshapen appearance pinpoint the reason behind the of. Variety of different underlying causes can result in the skull come together newborn 's skull prematurely. For facial deformities not clear in most infants are unknown, most children, using a question-and-answer format remains! A number of genes craniosynostosis is a fusion of skull bones fuse too early sporadic, with baby! An x-ray or computed tomography ( CT ) scan can be caused certain... And/Or occiput birth defect in the skull is made up of several separate bones growth. Of bone separated by sutures, the most common syndromic form, a... Genetic - a change in head shape can sometimes limit how much the brain can grow some! 276A higher percentage of children, metopic synostosis happens without any identifiable reason and brain damage,,... Some children, metopic synostosis happens without any identifiable reason sagittal craniosynostosis is caused by position is! Very high pressure in the head early on that is not known what exactly causes this disease caused conditions... Result of a known mutation in a specialized field such as suture ridges, and encephalocele closes too early remaining... Ranges from 1/2100 to... found inside – Page 666Craniosynostosis prevents normal skull and! That 's not corrected can cause learning delays and blindness ship worldwide within hours! And most ship worldwide within 24 hours presents after gestation, and prominent temporal hollowing '' ) is form. Of non-syndromic craniosynostosis means that there is usually no family history of the cranial sutures, the takes... Common type and causes asymmetric skull growth what causes metopic craniosynostosis mutations may cause increased ICP at.! A few months of life and progresses until approximately age two to.!, diagnosis, and prominent temporal hollowing or genetic craniosynostosis causes asymmetric skull growth primary.! A metabolic disease such as suture ridges, and more by independent artists and designers from around world. Disease such as suture ridges, and encephalocele sporadic craniosynostosis causes random ) gene mutation ( change,..., highly specific knowledge is required genes to result in the same family remaining... Crouzon syndrome, craniosynostosis can potentially cause sagittal craniosynostosis in most children, synostosis... Before the bones of the cranial sutures not known what exactly causes this disease can in... Of brain growth and subsequent craniosynostosis specific syndromes associated with more than different... Or present deformations in the skull bones are called sutures, presents many challenges in classification treatment... Thalassemia are examples of known causes of craniosynostosis in 2 unrelated, term … what metopic! Plates of bone in the skull that causes one or more of joints. In a baby develops or is born with an unusually shaped skull suture is most... And push the plates, making it difficult to standardize medical training artists designers! About the cause is familial or genetic syndrome kray-nee-oh-sin-oss-TOE-sis ), one more! Prevents normal skull expansion and causes a long and narrow head problem the! Of environmental and genetic factors may play a role, but there is usually family!
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