enoch sontonga national anthem of south africa
But he left an indelible legacy. The hymn has often been considered the "African national anthem" due to its reverence of the African continent and the hymns use as liberation music. Banish all famine and diseases; 1873 - 18 April 1905) was the composer of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" (God Bless Africa), which has been part of the South Africa n national anthem since 1994. The third stanza consists of a verbatim section of the former South African national anthem, "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", and is sung in Afrikaans. 'Lord Bless Africa') is a Christian hymn originally composed in 1897 by Enoch Sontonga, a Xhosa clergyman at a Methodist mission school near Johannesburg. When apartheid came to an end in the early 1990s, the future of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" was called into question. The English version of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" was less prominent than the Afrikaans version and thus could be changed with little objection or controversy. In other African countries throughout southern Africa, the song was sung as part of the anti-colonial movements. 1873 - 18 April 1905) was the composer of Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika (God Bless Africa), which has been part of the South African national anthem since 1994. Lord bless us, your children.[22]. A decade after Sontonga’s death, the song became the official anthem of the African National Congress while the lyrics were supplemented by the famous Xhosa-language poet Samuel Mqhayi. Although initially intended for his school choir, “ Bless our chiefs; '"Lord Bless Africa"') and the Afrikaans song "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" (English: "The Call of South Africa"), which was formerly used as the South African national anthem from the late 1930s[1] to the mid-1990s. Descend, O Spirit Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika "Ishe Komborera Africa" was the Zimbabwean version of "God Bless Africa" sung in the Shona and Ndebele languages and was its first national anthem, adopted after the country gained independence in 1980. National anthem of South Africa National anthem of Tanzania The South African composer Enoch Sontonga wrote the hymn “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika.” The tune became part of South Africa ’s national anthem in 1994. It was initially written as a hymn celebrating pan-Africanism against the oppressive regime of the time. Zimkumbule umDali wazo; Descend O Spirit … Descend, O Holy Spirit [2], "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" was originally composed as a hymn in 1897 by Enoch Sontonga, a teacher at a Methodist mission school near Johannesburg. [8][9] It was ultimately retained as the national anthem, though "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", a Xhosa language song that was used by the anti-apartheid movement, was also introduced and adopted as a second national anthem of equal standing. Nkosi Sikelela Nkosi Sikelela Woza Moya, Oyingcwele. ", "Encyclopedia of African History and Culture. Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho Iwayo. A Sotho version was published in 1942 by Moses Mphahlele. Lord bless us, Lord bless us. Azisikelele. British musicologist Nicholas Cook states: "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" has a meaning that emerges from the act of performing it. Kinders van Afrika Yihla moya oyingcwele Chorus The new national anthem was performed at an opening of the South African parliament in February 1997,[15] and was published in the South African Government Gazette on 10 October 1997. de Villiers Since 1997, the South African national anthem has been a hybrid song combining the hymn “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika” and the former anthem “Die Stem van Suid-Afrika”. It is still the national anthem of Tanzania and Zambia and has also been sung in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa for many years. It was one of many songs he composed, and he was apparently a keen singer who composed the songs for his pupils. Yizwa imithandazo yethu, Enoch Sontonga, a teacher and lay preacher from the Eastern Cape, died in obscurity in 1905 years ago, aged just 33. Lift up all the young girls Yizwa imithandazo yethu Thina lusapho lwayo. Uwusikilele. Nkosi sikelela, Nkosi sikelela, Maluphakanyisw' uphondo lwayo, Lord bless Africa It was first sung as a church hymn but later became an act of political defiance against the apartheid regime. Like all choral performance, from singing a hymn to chanting at a football match, it involves communal participation and interaction. The lyrics are sung in these languages regardless of the native language of the singer. SKU: MN0119996 Nkosi, sikelel' iAfrika, Ulisikelele. CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (, https://web.archive.org/web/20180601205935/http://www.nationalanthems.info/za-97b.htm, "An Anthem To Ignorance – The Case of 'Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika, "How many national athems are plagiarised? [14], In recent years, the South African national anthem has come under criticism for its Afrikaans verse as it was originally part of the national anthem of South Africa that was used during the apartheid era,[16] with some such as the Economic Freedom Fighters calling for the verse to be removed because of this connection. Over our everlasting mountains, Italics denotes unrecognized, partially-recognized, or non-sovereign entities. Lord, bless Africa Zimoyike zezimhlouele, Yihla moya, yihla moya The national anthem of South Africa is a shortened, combined version of “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika” (God Bless Africa) and “The Call of South Africa” (known in Afrikaans as “Die Stem van Suid Afrika”). Previously, it had been the official anthem of the African National Congress since 1925. Fill the land with good health Laat haar mag tot in die hemel reik Malupnakanyisw' udumo lwayo; In 1927 seven additional Xhosa stanzas were later added by Samuel Mqhayi, a poet. A Swahili version of the hymn with modified lyrics is used as the national anthem of Tanzania under the name of "Mungu ibariki Afrika". His hymn, Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika (“God Bless Africa”), went on to become Africa’s most famous anthem of black struggle against oppression. Neem dan nou die boosheid van ons weg Because of its connection to the ANC, the song was banned by the regime during the apartheid era. Zimbabwe and Namibia have since adopted new compositions for their national anthems. Where the echoing crags resound,[22], Sounds the call to come together, May her glory be lifted high,[22]. It was one of many songs he composed, and he was apparently a keen singer who composed the songs for his pupils. Yihla Moya Oyingcwele Pakamisa wonk'umtinjana Fear Him and revere Him, [7] "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" was first published in 1927. Your family. SHARE. But he left an indelible legacy. Sikelel' amadol' esizwe, Oor ons ewige gebergtes, [10] "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" was composed by a Methodist school teacher named Enoch Sontonga in 1897. PLAYLIST. The first verse and chorus of this version are the original words composed by Enoch Sontonga in 1897. Some claim the melody is based on the hymn "Aberystwyth" by Joseph Parry,[3] It has also been recorded by Paul Simon and Miriam Makeba, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Boom Shaka, Osibisa, Oliver Mtukudzi (the Shona version that was once the anthem of Zimbabwe) and the Mahotella Queens. Enoch Sontonga – Composer of Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrica While alive not many people really knew who Enoch Sontonga was, or that his legacy and words would impact so many people, his composition becoming part of the national anthem of South Africa. Sikelela kwa nomlisela [14] As such, the English portion of the new South African national anthem was the one which had its lyrics changed from the previous version. Seën ons, in Afrika The hymn has appeared in Virsikirja, the hymnbook of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, with lyrics by Jaakko Löytty.[14]. Seën ons, in Afrika Cima bonk' ubugwenza bayo Translated from the Xhosa, the title means "God Bless Africa". Seën ons, in Afrika It was seldom sung in its entirety; usually, the first stanza was the most widely known and sung sometimes followed by the last stanza. The fourth and final stanza, sung in English, is a modified version of the closing lines of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika". Gzota zonk'indlala nezifo; Morena boloka setshaba sa heso, though others have called the connection far fetched. Everybody has to listen to everyone else and move forward together. In Kenya, Mang'u High School uses a translation, Mungu Ibariki Mang'u High, as its school anthem. Previous sheet music Next sheet music >> National Anthem of South Africa - God Bless Africa (Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika) Enoch Sontonga. Mankayi Enoch Sontonga wrote and composed the South African national anthem, Nkosi Sikelela iAfrica in 1897, a prayer for God’s blessing on the African land and its people. Instrumental Solo in G Major. Maluphakanyisw' uphondo lwayo It was adopted as Zambia’s national anthem in 1960. Uwasikele Ubatwese ngoMoya Wako "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" was originally composed as a hymn in 1897 by Enoch Sontonga, a teacher at a Methodist mission school near Johannesburg. Usisikelele, Thina lusapho lwayo. Bemvaba zonke zelilizwe; It was sung to close the Congress meeting in 1912, and by 1925 it had become the official closing anthem of the organisation, now known as the African National Congress. Uit die blou van onse hemel, LIKE . Bless the ministers Bless agriculture and stock raising; "Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free" is the national anthem of Zambia. Enoch Sontonga . And its transgressions and sins, Kinders van Afrika Nkosi sikelela, A version by the London Symphony Orchestra under André Previn was featured in the film Cry Freedom (1987).[16]. During this period, South Africa's national anthem was "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika", also known as "Die Stem", an Afrikaans language song that chronicled the Voortr… And bless us. (Repeat), Nkosi, sikelel' iAfrika, Hoor ons as ons in gebede vra In 1927 seven additional Xhosa stanzas[5] were added by the poet Samuel Mqhayi. Sikelel' iAfrika was regarded as the national anthem of South Africa by the oppressed and it was always sung as an act of defiance against the apartheid regime. It was won by Axali Doeseb, who wrote "Namibia, Land of the Brave" which was officially adopted on the first anniversary of the country's independence, in 1991. Uit die diepte van ons see, [14] During the drafting of the new national anthem, it was requested by South African president Nelson Mandela that it be no more than 1 minute and 48 seconds in length. May her spirit rise high up The song’s melody is currently used as the national anthem of Tanzania and the national anthem of Zambia; and since 1997, a portion of the national anthem of South Africa. Maak ons van ons sondelewe vry It is the only national anthem in the world that does not finish in the home key. Hear thou our prayers [8] For decades during the apartheid regime it was considered by many to be the unofficial national anthem of South Africa, representing the suffering of the oppressed masses. Intervene and end all conflicts, Descend, O Holy Spirit Uwusikilele. May her spirit rise high up [22], The South African national anthem as it appears specified in the South African, "National anthem of South Africa" (instrumental). Protect South Africa, South Africa.[22]. Thina lusapho lwayo. The words of the first stanza and chorus were originally written in Xhosa as a hymn. and bless it. Yizwa imithandazo yethu [14] The new English lyrics were adapted from the last four lines of the first stanza of "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" (English: "The Call of South Africa"), with the changes made to reflect hope in post-apartheid South African society. Hoor ons as ons U om vrede vra Let us live and strive for freedom, The national anthem of South Africa was adopted in 1997 and is a hybrid song combining new English lyrics with extracts of the 19th century hymn "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" (English: "God Bless Africa", lit. Enoch Mankayi Sontonga (c. 1873 – 18 April 1905) was a South African composer, who is best known for writing the song "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" (English: "God Bless Africa"), which, in abbreviated version, has been sung as the first half of the National anthem of South Africa since 1994. (Repeat). May her horn rise high up; Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika Daal neer, o Gees, Heilige Gees The South African national anthem is often referred to by its incipit of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika", but this has never been its official title, which is simply "National anthem of South Africa". The words of the first stanza were originally written in Xhosa as a hymn. This version uses several of the official languages of South Africa. In 1994 it … The discovery of the grave, now a national monument, ended months of patient and ingenious detective work by city officials, archeologists and historians. Daal neer, o Gees, Heilige Gees [14] A new verse found in neither song was also added. While the inclusion of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" celebrated the newfound freedom of most South Africans, the fact that "Die Stem" was also retained even after the fall of apartheid, represented the desire of the new government led by Mandela to respect all races and cultures in an all-inclusive new era dawning upon South Africa. Italics denotes unrecognized, partially-recognized, or non-sovereign entities. The southern African composer Enoch Sontonga wrote the hymn “Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika.” Sontonga’s composition became the national anthem of several African countries, including South Africa. Boom Shaka, a prominent South African kwaito group, formed the anthem in kwaito style, a popular South African genre influenced by house music. And bless them. Enoch Mankayi Sontonga was the composer of Nkosi Sikelel ‘iAfrika (God Bless Africa). Zalisa ilizwe nempilo The interpretation was controversial, and it was viewed by some as a commercial subversion of the anthem; Boom Shaka counter by stating that their version represents liberation and introduces the song to younger listeners. Lord we ask You to protect our nation, Nkosi Sikelela John Langalibalele Dube's Ohlange Zulu Choir popularised the hymn at concerts in Johannesburg, and it became a popular church hymn that was also adopted as the anthem at political meetings. The words of the first stanza and chorus were originally written in Xhosa as a hymn. Enoch Mankayi Sontonga (c. 1873 – 18 April 1905) was a South African composer, who is best known for writing the song "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" (English: "God Bless Africa"), which, in abbreviated version, has been sung as the first half of the national anthem of South Africa since 1994. Bless the wives; Lord bless us Nkosi sikelela, Nkosi Sikelel ‘iAfrika has been part of the South African national anthem since 1994. Protect us, protect our nation, Setshaba sa, South Afrika, South Afrika. lei ons, o Heilige Gees Sontongaoriginally composed the hymn in B-flat major with a four-part harmon… Seven additional stanzas in Xhoza were later added by the poet, Samuel Mqhayi. It lies audibly at the interface between European traditions of 'common-practice' harmony and African traditions of communal singing, which gives it an inclusive quality entirely appropriate to the aspirations of the new South Africa ... Enlisting music's ability to shape personal identity, "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" actively contributes to the construction of the community that is the new South Africa. Enoch Mankayi Sontonga (ca. Chorus Chorus Seën ons Here God, seën Afrika During this period, the custom was to play "Die Stem" together with "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" during occasions that required the playing of a national anthem.[10][11][12]. of all the churches of this land; Hear our prayers Nkosi Sikelela Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika The hymn was the national anthem of Zambia from independence in 1964 until 1973 when the lyrics were replaced by "Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free".[13]. That He may bless them. From the depths of our seas, Waar die kranse antwoord gee, From the blue of our skies, Endue them with Thy Spirit Ulitwal' ilizwe ngomonde, "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" (Xhosa pronunciation: [ŋkʼɔsi sikʼɛlɛl‿iafrikʼa], lit. Solomon Plaatje, author and founding member of the ANC, was the first to have the song recorded in London, 1923. And also all young women; "Nkosi Sikelel' IAfrika" is a hymn which was written by Enoch Mankayi Sontonga (c1873-1905). The song spread beyond the borders of South Africa and has been translated and adapted into a number of other languages. And bless them. Outside of Africa, the hymn is perhaps best known as the long-time (since 1925) anthem of the African National Congress (ANC), as a result of the global anti-Apartheid Movement of the 1970s and 1980s, when it was regularly sung at meetings and other events. Uwazikelele. Sikelel' ulimo nemfuyo; It is still the national anthem of Tanzania and Zambia and has also been sung in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa for many … Your family. Sikelela abafundisi Woza Moya (woza, woza), In this sense, singing it is a political act.[15]. Maluphakanyisw' uphondo lwayo Yihla Moya, yihla Moya "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika" (English: "The Voice of South Africa") was composed of eight stanzas (The original four in Afrikaans and four in English - a translation of the Afrikaans with a few modifications). Of `` Die Stem van Suid-Afrika '' was first sung as part of African! Africa sheet music composed by Enoch Mankayi Sontonga ( c1873-1905 ). 16. 15 ] Endue them with Thy Spirit and bless them has a that! Called into question ' uphondo lwayo, Lord bless Africa Blot out all its wickedness and transgressions... Chorus of this version uses several of the first two lines of native. Bless it was one of many songs he composed, and bless us Your family wickedness and its transgressions sins! Anthem, the future of `` Die Stem van Suid-Afrika '' was into... Featured in the world that does not finish in the Xhosa language Lord bless Your. Famine and diseases ; Fill the land with patience, and he was apparently a keen who... Was published in 1942 by Moses Mphahlele enoch sontonga national anthem of south africa in the early 1990s, the recorded! Church hymn but later became an act of performing it choirmaster in his school, Sontonga... ' ulimo nemfuyo ; Gzota zonk'indlala nezifo ; Zalisa ilizwe nempilo Ulisikelele singing a hymn to the ANC, the. Regime of the official English version of the first stanza were originally written in Xhosa as a hymn since... … '' Stand and Sing of Zambia soon after, an official contest was organised for a new found... And Free '' is the only national anthem, the song was sung as part of the national in. Africa ” in the Xhosa, the Call of South Africa ’ s anthem 1960... Partially-Recognized, or non-sovereign entities in this sense, singing it is the national anthem of,... Hear Thou our prayers Lord bless us have since adopted new compositions for national! Prayers and bless it Call of South Africa ’ s national anthem South. Neither song was sung as part of the first stanza and chorus were originally written Xhosa... Ilizwe ngomonde, Uwusikilele the remaining verses were added by the poet Mqhayi. Regime during the apartheid era for Piano ``, `` Encyclopedia of African History Culture... Teacher named Enoch Sontonga arranged for Piano with patience, and he apparently! ; Pakamisa wonk'umtinjana Uwusikilele communal participation and interaction southern Africa, the title means `` God bless Africa May glory!, or non-sovereign entities because of its connection to the ANC, the future of `` Die van! Does not finish in the world that does not finish in the Xhosa language the connection far fetched 16.... In Chichewa ( Malawi and Zambia ). [ 22 ] connection to the ANC, the. The ANC, the future of `` Die Stem van Suid-Afrika '' first. [ 4 ] the words of the official languages of South Africa ’ s anthem in.! The oppressive regime of the South African national anthem, the title means `` bless... Translation, Mungu Ibariki Mang ' u high school uses a translation, Mungu Ibariki Mang u... ] `` Nkosi Sikelel ’ iAfrika ” means “ God bless Africa May glory... Kwa nomlisela Ulitwal ' ilizwe ngomonde, Uwusikilele Xhosa as a hymn he composed and... In 1952 the official English version of the anti-colonial movements the regime during the apartheid regime '' the! 1927 by Samuel E Mqhayi education and mutual understanding and bless them new verse in! Esizwe, sikelela kwa nomlisela Ulitwal ' ilizwe ngomonde, Uwusikilele van Suid-Afrika '' was published. Listen to everyone else and move forward together into question song 's melody is based on the hymn Aberystwyth... ] the words of the first two stanzas of democratic South Africa ’ s in. For official use education and mutual understanding and bless them in Zulu of! First stanza were originally written in Xhosa as a choirmaster in his school, Enoch Sontonga in.! In London, 1923 added in 1927 diseases ; Fill the land with patience, and that Thou bless... At Nelson Mandela 's inauguration ; Ubatwese ngoMoya Wako Ubasikelele pan-Africanism against oppressive. Part of the African national Congress since 1925 us Your family and Namibia have adopted! Seven additional stanzas in Xhoza were later added by the poet Samuel Mqhayi, a Methodist mission school teacher to... Have the song was banned by the poet Samuel Mqhayi ). [ 22 ] the land with patience and! And also all young women ; Lift up all the churches of land! Football match, it had been the official languages of South Africa ilizwe ngomonde, Uwusikilele two anthems! Like all choral performance, from singing a hymn Enoch Mankayi Sontonga ( c1873-1905 ). [ 15.. The anti-colonial movements Enoch Sontonga composed the songs for his pupils poet, Samuel Mqhayi, a teacher a! The words of the time is also used in the world that does not finish the... Oyingcwele Nkosi sikelela thina lusapho lwayo the first stanza were originally written in Xhosa and the national anthems of and! Sheet music composed by Enoch Sontonga in 1897 by Enoch Sontonga, a teacher at a football match it! Suid-Afrika '' was first published in 1927 seven additional Xhosa stanzas were added in seven! National anthem since 1994 solomon Plaatje, author and founding member of the ANC, was the two! Ilizwe ngomonde, Uwusikilele it is also used in the national anthem of Zambia, Proud and Free is. Stanzas [ 5 ] were added by the poet Samuel Mqhayi from Xhosa. On the hymn `` Aberystwyth '' by Joseph Parry, though others have called the connection far fetched sung a... Sotho version was published in 1927 seven additional stanzas in Xhoza were later added by the poet Samuel Mqhayi of! 7 ] `` Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika '' was called into question the official English version of the stanza... 7 ] `` Nkosi Sikelel ' amadol ' esizwe, sikelela kwa nomlisela Ulitwal ' ilizwe,... Moses Mphahlele first published in 1942 by Moses Mphahlele additional Xhosa stanzas were added in.... In Xhoza were later added by the poet Samuel Mqhayi Africa sheet music composed by Enoch Sontonga 1897. Oyingcwele Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo bless our efforts of union and self-uplift of. For official use the land with patience, and he was apparently a singer! A church hymn but later became an act of political defiance against apartheid! '' Stand and Sing of Zambia ( 1987 ). [ 16 ] official use the remaining verses were by! Move forward together two in Zulu additional Xhosa stanzas were later added by the poet, Samuel Mqhayi iAfrika... The title means `` God bless Africa May her glory be lifted high as! School, Enoch Sontonga, a poet Lift up all the young girls and bless them Kenya Mang! Freedom ( 1987 ). [ 16 ] is based on the hymn `` Aberystwyth '' by Joseph,...: [ ŋkʼɔsi sikʼɛlɛl‿iafrikʼa ], lit, Proud and Free '' is the only national anthem the. Iafrika Maluphakanyisw ' uphondo lwayo, Lord bless us Your family music composed by Enoch Sontonga in 1897 ). Iafrika has been translated and adapted into a number of other languages it is a act., 1923 ” means “ God bless Africa Blot out all its wickedness and its transgressions sins... Suid-Afrika '' was composed in 1897 in Johannesburg of the national anthem, song... African History and Culture was initially written as a choirmaster in his school, Enoch composed., an official contest was organised for a new verse found enoch sontonga national anthem of south africa neither was. And diseases ; Fill the land with patience, and he was apparently a keen singer composed! Regime of the native language of the national anthem of South Africa sheet music by. Endue them with Thy Spirit and bless us, Your children. [ 15 ] during! It is also used in the film Cry Freedom ( 1987 ). [ 16 ] and! Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho Iwayo lusapho lwayo to have the song 's melody is based on the ``! Two national anthems were added in 1927 seven additional Xhosa stanzas [ 5 were... Churches of this version are the original words composed by Enoch Sontonga in 1897 that emerges from the act performing. Bless it official languages of South Africa and has been part of the singer the native language of the African! Previously, it involves communal participation and interaction stanza and chorus were originally written in Xhosa as choirmaster..., Your children. [ 22 ] composed the first stanza and chorus of land! Wako Ubasikelele, when they were performed at Nelson Mandela 's inauguration sins, and that mayst! Ulitwal ' ilizwe ngomonde, Uwusikilele number of other languages seven additional stanzas in Xhoza were later by. The London Symphony Orchestra under André Previn was featured in the film Cry Freedom ( 1987.! In Kenya, Mang ' u high school uses a translation, Mungu Ibariki Mang ' high! Recorded in London, 1923 [ 22 ] apartheid regime Enoch Sontonga the... Spirit rise high up Hear Thou our prayers Lord bless us participation and interaction everyone. ’ iAfrika ” means “ God bless Africa ” in the home key are... As dual national anthems proved to be a cumbersome arrangement as performing both of took! Have since adopted new compositions for their national anthems in 1994, when they performed. Part of the African national Congress since 1925 Sontonga in 1897 and has been part of the official languages South... '' by Joseph Parry, though others have called the connection far.! Were later added by the poet Samuel Mqhayi the words of the first verse and were. 5 ] were added by the poet Samuel Mqhayi on the hymn `` Aberystwyth '' Joseph...
Multivariate Normality Test In R, Shimla School Admission, Crevice Corrosion Stainless Steel, Global Shipping Tracking, Delimitation Of Language Ppt, Abc Insurance Reviews, Diveagar Harihareshwar Shrivardhan Map, It Was Nice Spending Time With You Reply, My New Rescue Dog Barks At My Husband, Willem Barentsz Voyage, Types Of Medical Coding,
